Which federal law protects the privacy of student records?

The Family Educational Rights to Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA) is the correct answer because it specifically governs the privacy and confidentiality of student education records. Under FERPA, educational institutions are required to protect the privacy of student records and give parents and eligible students the right to access and request amendment of these records. This law ensures that students' personally identifiable information is not disclosed without the consent of parents or eligible students, thus providing a framework for maintaining the security and confidentiality of sensitive educational information.

The other options mentioned relate to different aspects of education policy but do not focus primarily on the protection of student records. The Elementary and Secondary Education Act and the No Child Left Behind Act address educational standards and accountability, while the Higher Education Act primarily deals with federal student financial assistance. None of these laws provide the same level of privacy protections for student records as FERPA does.